Ideologies during the Nineteenth Century essays

Ideologies during the Nineteenth Century essays Liberalism is the political philosophy emphasizing the value of individual liberty and the role of the state in protecting the rights of its citizens. The idea of liberalism meant specific individual freedoms such as: freedom of press, freedom on speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. By the early 19th century France with it's Constitutional Charter and Britain with it's Parliament and historic rights of English men and women were the only two nations that had implemented liberal programs. Yet even in those two countries liberalism and not been implemented to its fullest capacity. Although still impacting the mind set of many, liberalism had lost some of its luster during the early 19th century because of new ideologies that had sprung up which supplement for some of liberalism shortfalls. Many revolutionaries criticized the idea of a complete laissez faire economy with no governmental restrictions. Also in the early nineteenth century liberal political ideal s became closely associated with narrow class interest and increasingly with the middle class. Many intellectuals and foes of liberalism thought that liberalism did not go far enough. Nationalism is the ideology based on the premise that the individual's loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpasses other individual or group interests. Nationalism was the second radical idea in the years after 1815. Nationalism has usually evolved from real or imagined cultural unity, mostly manifesting itself through the commonality of language, religion, history, or territory. Nationalists have tired to use these common bonds to unit together peoples to fight for or support a common goal. And because of the cultural mixing pot in central Europe, nationalism became a powerful ideology. The early nationalist believed that every nation, like every citizen had the right to exist in freedom. However these overlapping beliefs created ambiguity because its main thrust was...

Transitivity - Definition and Examples

Transitivity s In the broadest sense, transitivity is a method of classifying verbs and clauses with reference to the relationship of the verb to other structural elements. Put simply, a transitive construction is one in which the verb is followed by a direct object; an intransitive construction is one in which the verb cannot take a direct object. In recent years, the concept of transitivity has received special attention from researchers in the field of Systemic Linguistics. In Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English, M.A.K. Halliday described transitivity as the set of options relating to cognitive content, the linguistic representation of extralinguistic experience, whether of phenomena of the external world or of feelings, thoughts, and perceptions (Journal of Linguistics, 1967). An Observation The traditional notion of a transitive verb referred to a simple dichotomy: a transitive verb was a verb which required two argument NPs to form a grammatical clause, whereas an intransitive clause required only one. However, there are many languages where this basic distinction does not adequately cover the range of possibilities. (Ã…shild NÃ ¦ss, Prototypical Transitivity. John Benjamins, 2007) Verbs That Are Both Transitive and Intransitive Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive, depending on how they are used . . .. In response to the question, What are you doing? we can say Were eating. In this case eat is being used intransitively. Even if we add a phrase after the verb, such as in the dining room, it is still intransitive. The phrase in the dining room is a complement not an object. However, if someone asks us, What are you eating? we respond by using eat in its transitive sense, Were eating spaghetti or Were eating a large gooey brownie. In the first sentence, spaghetti is the object. In the second sentence, a large gooey brownie is the object. (Andrea DeCapua, Grammar for Teachers. Springer, 2008) Ditransitive and Pseudo-Intransitive Constructions More complex relationships between a verb and the elements dependent upon it are usually classified separately. For example, verbs which take two objects are sometimes called ditransitive, as in she gave me a pencil. There are also several uses of verbs which are marginal to one or other of these categories, as in pseudo-intransitive constructions (e.g. the eggs are selling well, where an agent is assumedsomeone is selling the eggsunlike normal intransitive constructions, which do not have an agent transform: we went, but not *someone sent us. (David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell, 1997) Levels of Transitivity in English Consider the following sentences, all of which are transitive in form: Susie bought a car; Susie speaks French; Susie understands our problem; Susie weighs 100 pounds. These illustrate steadily decreasing levels of prototypical transitivity: Susie is less and less of an agent, and the object is less and less affected by the actionindeed, the last two dont really involve any action at all. In short, the world provides a very wide range of possible relations between entities, but English, like many other languages, provides only two grammatical constructions, and every possibility must be squeezed into one or the other of the two constructions. (R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts, 2nd ed., ed. by Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) High and Low Transitivity A different approach to transitivity . . . is the transitivity hypothesis. This views transitivity in discourse as a matter of gradation, dependent on various factors. A verb such as kick, for example, fulfills all the criteria for high transitivity in a clause with an expressed object such as Ted kicked the ball. It refers to an action (B) in which two participants (A) are involved, Agent and Object; it is telic (having an end-point) (C) and is punctual (D). With a human subject it is volitional (E) and agentive, while the object will be totally affected (I) and individuated (J). The clause is also affirmative (F) and declarative, realis, not hypothetical (irrealis) (G). By contrast, with a verb such as see as in Ted saw the accident, most of the criteria point to low transitivity, while the verb wish as in I wish you were here includes even irrealis (G) in its complement as a feature of low transitivity. Susan left is interpreted as an example of reduced transitivity. Although it h as only one participant, it rates higher than some two-participant clauses, as it fulfills B, C, D, E, F, G and H. (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006)

TWOS anaylsis for 2 companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TWOS anaylsis for 2 companies - Essay Example Organizations may face problems during its operations, and due to the competition in industries, TWOS analysis can identify a strategic position of the company in relation to its set objectives. Mannai Corporation in Qatar is a holding company principally engaged in trades and services across all private sectors in Qatar. The Oxford Business Group (2007) notes the company owns 14 subsidiaries offering sales and services of automobiles, information technology, engineering, and heavy equipment sales among others. The company also offers industrial products as well as office products including logistics, warehouses, and representatives of international organizations. This organization is a complex entity made up of different groups of people specialized with specific purposes in the set of rules, relationships, procedures, policies and culture. According to Rao et al. (2008), in TWOS analysis, threats are the external factors affecting any Corporation. Threats involve elements in the external environment that represent risk to the organization. Competition from outside companies remains the main threat in Mannai Corporation. Milaha is among the main competitors in this industry. The location of the company is strategic and therefore it attracts many interests, which are partly political. Lack of proper security in the area also poses a threat. According to Kamrava (2013), other threats include social threats such as resistance by the society to carry out training programs and lack of funds to facilitate the training of these programs. A strong establishment necessitates a strong political backing sustained funding and just remuneration for the staff. Financial resource is a challenge to the organization. The organization requires expanding and advancing in service delivery. It requires more equipment and staff to run the organization, but funds pouring in are limited. As a result, there are little or no training programs for

Enviromental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enviromental science - Research Paper Example The property management company should institute a no smoking policy if they do not have one in place as tobacco smoke is a source of elevated CO. That may lead the property management company to find that the building is in good working order and the real culprit is the tenant use of tobacco. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 Removing the mold would be the next priority. The health risks from mold, whether visible or not would be watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, itching, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, headache, and fatigue. This is problematic because of the high humidity. The property manager could not force the tenants to run the air conditioning all the time. Air conditioning is an easy way (albeit expensive) method to clean the air coming into a person’s home and lower the humidity. If the mold is causing damage to the unit however, the property management co. could hold the tenant responsible for mold damage and hold the damage deposit or charge damages or an ass essment such as with a townhouse or an apartment. Moeller (2005) 121 N/A 1 Elevated radon levels would be the final priority. Radon gas is undetectable and can go undetected for some time, which makes it no less dangerous. Radon has been shown to cause some lung cancers. Many cities now have building codes that enforce radon detection systems and the property management company would be responsible for this system. The source of elevated Radon is uranium and that would concern the residents if made aware of the information. The information could go public and that would not be good for the property management company. Moeller (2005) 124 2 12 - 16 The reason for placing these hazards in this order of removal or focus is that carbon dioxide affects the residents’ mental faculties and could cause immediate health concerns and/or death of a tenant. This is the most urgent issue. If a tenant because dizzy or weak at an inopportune time they could fall down a flight of stairs, as a n example, or fall asleep with a cigarette, etc.. The mold would be the next priority due to Moeller (2005) statements on Mold and Radon. He states that â€Å"In contrast to radon, the presence of mold can rapidly lead to unpleasant reactions, particularly among those people who have allergies and/or asthma. Since mold requires moisture to grow, it can be controlled by repairing leaks in the plumbing system, installing drainage systems to transport water away from areas near a building, replacing any portions that are water damaged, and/or using air conditioners or dehumidifiers to reduce indoor humidity† (p. 122). These mechanical repairs would be visible and would generate health benefits immediately. They would stop the excess humidity. Moeller (2005) 122 N/A 7 - 26 Housing Scenario Number: __2__ (Answer Sheet) Your Response Course Assigned Reading Source Page(s) Column (if applicable) Line(s) Potential environmental hazards are numerous and include: the homeless living on the streets, in shelters, in cars, buses, or trains. Other environmental hazards are homeless camps, and lack of toilet facilities. Donohoe (2004) 1 N/A 32 Health risks have been shown to be much higher for the homeless. TB, HIV, mental illness, and physical illnesses. Kerker et al. (2011) Shelton et al. (2009) 546 465 1 2 3 –

AIDS Epidemic Increase And African Countries Economies Essay Example for Free

AIDS Epidemic Increase And African Countries Economies Essay The countries of the developing world most seriously affected by AIDS thus far are in sub-Saharan Africa. Accordingly, much of the social research on AIDS in the developing world is concerned with Africa, as is much of the research reviewed in this chapter. But many of the behavior patterns described and the conclusions reached apply elsewhere. AIDS is primarily a sexually transmitted disease, and the escalating epidemics in the developing world are principally the result of sexual encounters with an infected partner. In all countries AIDS is also transmitted by the use of contaminated needles in intravenous drug injections, by blood transfusions of infected blood, and perinatally from infected mothers to their unborn children. But sexual transmission is everywhere the predominant mode, and, internationally, heterosexual transmission accounts for some 70 percent of all new AIDS cases (Mann et al. 1992:33). In the regions of Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa, one of three different modes of sexual transmission of the AIDS virus predominatesalthough all modes occur with some frequency in all three regions. In Asia, prostitution plays the key role; in Latin America, homosexual and bisexual behavior; and in Africa, heterosexual transmission. The majority of African countries are experiencing a serious economic crisis. That crisis, though showing signs of moderation in some countries, has resulted in development eluding most of the others, with far-reaching negative consequences on their populaces. When there is no development, there is hopelessness; and where there is hopelessness, there is no effort to work toward development. The circle becomes complete and reinforcing. Unfortunately, in most of Africa, the economic crisis has made life an endless series of vicious circles that are now spreading economic suffering in a concentrated fashion. The economic crisis in Africa represents a historical tragedy, and the historical evidence now suggests that such a crisis need not have occurred. Despite some views to the contrary, the overwhelming opinion is that this economic crisis is primarily the inevitable outcome of the failure of postindependence development policy formulation and implementation in the majority of the African countries. In most of Africa, postindependence development policy was formulated through a statist ideological framework, which was then implemented by experimentation. Moreover, some, if not all, of the countries had to contend with an adverse international economic environment. That combination produced disastrous results. Among other things, poverty and socioeconomic inequalities increased, the external debt burden became heavier, the brain drain intensified, capital flight deepened, the balance of payments weakened, the physical infrastructure deteriorated, unemployment and crime escalated, famine and malnutrition became more pronounced, budget deficits soared, agricultural productivity declined, urbanization burgeoned, environmental degradation expanded, political and civil strife worsened, and corruption became more rampant. These disastrous development results were, in turn, the catalyst behind the deepening economic crisis in Africa, and consequently provided the imperative for policy reform in those countries. Policy reform can be defined as changes in government policy, institutional structure, or administrative procedures that are designed to alter economic activity and improve performance (Roemer and Radelet 1991). Put more succinctly, it is policy change, across the board, to effect sustained economic progress that will lead to a more desirable economic outcome than current practice permits.

Othellos Jealousy in William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Papers

Othello's Jealousy in William Shakespeare's Othello In Shakespeare's Othello we are introduced into a web of a world entangled with lies, jealousy, and ultimately tragedy. We observe as Iago single handedly destroys the matrimony shared between Othello and the beautiful Desdemona. He does so with a flurry of deceit and trickery, playing upon one of the strongest human emotions, that of jealousy. Iago offers a story of betrayal to his master Othello, which ensnares his soul in a jealous rage of infidelity and honesty. Iago convinces his master that his beloved wife, Desdemona, is false in her virtue and with his right hand man Cassio nonetheless. Iago offers many ‘proofs’ to his lord, most of which are deceitful, but alas some that only work to spark the flame of jealousy in Othello. We shall examine each one and unravel Iago’s plan to dethrone his lord Othello, the Moor whom he despises so much. We first find Iago sparking the flame of jealousy in Othello’s brain when he asks of the honesty of Cassio, as well as Desdemona. Iago sly as he may be begins Othello to suspect ...

Midterm Essay Cj210-04

Midterm Essay Exam xxxxxxxxxxx Kaplan University CJ210-04 1. What are methods of inquiry and how are they used in criminal investigation? The main methods of inquiry are the reconstruction of the past and the discovery or creation of new knowledge. In order to reconstruct the past there are three sources available to the investigator. These are people, physical evidence and records. People are a good source of information once you learn the art of questioning and how to sift through the lies and deceptions. Physical evidence paints a picture or can accurately recreate a crime.Records are used to show an investigator trends leading up to the crime. Now the discovery or creation of new knowledge is what separates the skilled investigator from the rest. This involves instinct, experience, an open mind and what some consider gut feelings. You need to think outside the box. 2. What is the optimal mindset of an investigator and how are the concepts associated with the optimal mindset of an investigator manifest? I believe the optimal mindset of an investigator is to be wary of all. An investigator needs to believe all suspects are guilty until proven otherwise.Never dismiss a clue or lead and never let your guard down. The manifestation of this mindset comes with common sense, experience, training and traits that some people are just born with. I think some of these traits can be learned but the best of the best are born to be investigators. 3. What is the scientific method and how is it applied to criminal investigation by criminal investigators? â€Å"The scientific method is a way of observing, thinking about, and solving problems objectively and systematically. † The criminal investigator uses this process much like a mathematician solves a problem.They identify the problem then come up with a theory. Then they collect data through observations and experimentation. This then helps the investigator to draw conclusions. 4. Discuss the three primary sources o f information for criminal investigators and provide detailed practical examples of each source listed. The three primary sources of information for criminal investigators are physical evidence, people and records. Physical evidence is comprised of things found at a crime scene such as fingerprints, tool marks, bullets, casings, hairs, fibers and many other things.When it comes to people this includes friends, family, witnesses, victims, business associates and people that share the same recreational interests. An example of records could be phone calls, credit card purchases and video surveillance tapes from banks, parking lots, and just about anywhere you go anymore. References Osterburg, James & Ward, Richard (2010). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past. Sixth Edition. Anderson Publishing http://www. ncjrs. gov/App/Publications/abstract. aspx? ID=78300