Essay About Multitasking Free Essays

Multitasking – â€Å"the ability to do several different things at once† Nowadays, people prefer to divide people in two groups; people who masters to multitask, and those who can’t. Almost everyone place themselves in the former group, thereafter they put the rest of the people in the latter. But of course most people are lying. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay About Multitasking or any similar topic only for you Order Now I personally take advantage of multitasking daily to a certain extent, yes, practically all the time – in a certain level. And my perception of multitasking is the same as http://www. google. no/ ‘s perception on what multitasking is; it’s simply to have the ability to do several different things at once. But something that should be mentioned here is that no one can really multitask. It’s when we think we’re multitasking; we’re only jumping from one thing to another. This way of doing things is addictive and can of course eventually cause us difficulties among our ability to concentrate. With other word; it is physically impossible for a human to do two things at the same time. Then, I don’t mean that it is completely impossible to do two things at the same time; such as talking while walking, or smiling while dancing. No, I mean that it is impossible to multitask – to do two things at the same time – as long as the two things that should be done at the same time, requires a lot of concentration and attention to be done correct. I guess you yourself are able to distinguish between which tasks that requires a lot of concentration, and which requires less. Whether you’re driving a car while talking on the phone, or if you write e-mails during meetings, it is not true that you do both at once – it’s impossible. Unlike the other examples I’ve already mentioned. What you actually do when you’re doing the concentration demanding-tasks is to focus on the first one and then the other, a so-called â€Å"switch-tasking†. Because if you’re doing two concentration demanding things at once , of course your concentration is divided between to tasks at the same time – therefore the result of your actions won’t be as good as they could’ve been – if the tasks were done separately and thoroughly. It’s been proven time after time over the last years: multitasking is something only computers can do. What we humans do, when we think that we’re â€Å"multitasking†, is to jump from doing one thing to another, as mentioned earlier. But let us not forget that there’s one more group; those who need to multitask. I’d most probably put myself in that group – the group of people who can’t concentrate and focus on one specific thing unless she or he is doing at least one more thing at the exact same time. Now, you may call it ADHD, while I would rather call it being efficient. Of course there’s possible to listen to music while you’re doing your homework – to exclude the other actions around you, and to increase your concentration, like I personally do. But also here, the perceptions are different. Some people find hearing music while doing homework as disturbing. I think that the perception and the results of multitasking are different from person to person, depending on whom the person concerned is and what tasks there is to be done. A day should absolutely have more hours so all tasks on the to-do-list could’ve been done! But that isn’t something we can change†¦ so I think that the only thing we can do is to make the best out of it and remember to relax now and then. Sources: http://m. theglobeandmail. com/report-on-business/careers/careers-leadership/the-lunch/eileen-mercier-its-all-about-multitasking/article2021801/? service=mobile http://www. klikk. no/kvinneguiden/helse/article761396. ece http://www. universityessays. com/example-essays/business/the-ethics-of-multitasking. php http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/M/multitasking. html http://www. tinbergen. nl/discussionpapers/11044. pdf How to cite Essay About Multitasking, Essay examples

Impacts of Gaming and Social Networking Decrease Violence Amongst Tee

Question: Discuss about theImpacts of Gaming and Social Networkingfor Decrease Violence Amongst Teenagers. Answer: Background and Overview Social media has changed the way of communication across the globe. Social networking sites have evolved the communication way so that information can be shared properly over the internet. It not only connects the people with the world but also shares a platform where each can put their opinions without doing any harm to other people (Ferguson and Colwell 2016). As the teenagers are more involved in these platforms, a number of violent crimes also decreased. On the other hand, with increasing sales of video games, violence amongst teens tends to drop. It is stated that, playing violent video games or spending more time on the social networking platform increase aggressing behavior amongst the teenagers. Through this research proposal, the researcher tries to highlight a major fact that there is no such evidence which indicates that gaming and social networking increases violence amongst teenagers. Instead of it, it is identified that these platforms encourage the teenagers more to not to get involved in any crimes or violence. Research Objective The research objectives are as follows To identify the extent through which gaming and social networking have positive influence over teen violent behavior To explore the behavioral changes of teenage people due to gaming and social networking To recommend the way through which gaming and social networking can further reduce the teen violent behavior Conceptual Foundation of the Topic Impacts of Gaming on Teenagers According to Granic, Lobel and Engels (2014), prosocial video games can enhance the lives of adolescents and children with mental growth. Video games not only increase the spatial, visual and cognitive abilities of the teenagers but also decrease depression and frustration amongst the teenagers. Now a day, teenagers mostly spent their times by playing video games such as Super Mario, Contra, tick tack toe and many others. Wang et al. (2015) opined that, in the teenage years, youth are become violent and aggressive towards small things. But from the research, it is identified that engagement in video games distract teenagers' mind which stops them to do any unethical behaviors. Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by Author) Impacts of Social Networking Sites on Teenagers Ferguson and Colwell (2016) acknowledged that social media poses benefits for teenagers health, mind and development. This has significant impacts on reducing violent crimes form the teenage world. Granic, Lobel and Engels (2014) opined that social networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and many others highlights drastic events on the society. Promotions of these events on social media platforms allow the people to share their opinions verbally. Teenagers can also show their aggressiveness over these platforms by sharing their views, but this stops them to do any physical violence against anyone. Supportive environments of social platforms help the teenagers to act in more friendly rather than become violent or aggressive. Research Scope The major scope of this research proposal is to analyze the impacts of social networking sites on teenage behaviors. Through this research proposal, it can also be identified that that use of social networking sites or playing video games can decrease the violence amongst teenagers or not. References Ferguson, C.J. and Colwell, J., 2016. A Meaner, More Callous Digital World for Youth? The Relationship Between Violent Digital Games, Motivation, Bullying, and Civic Behavior Among Children. Ferguson, C.J., 2015. Do Angry Birds make for angry children? A meta-analysis of video game influences on childrens and adolescents aggression, mental health, prosocial behavior, and academic performance.Perspectives on Psychological Science,10(5), pp.646-666. Granic, I., Lobel, A. and Engels, R.C., 2014. The benefits of playing video games.American Psychologist,69(1), p.66. Wang, C.W., Ho, R.T., Chan, C.L. and Tse, S., 2015. Exploring personality characteristics of Chinese adolescents with internet-related addictive behaviors: Trait differences for gaming addiction and social networking addiction.Addictive behaviors,42, pp.32-35.

Christopher Columbus

Audi Research Paper Essays

Audi Research Paper Essays Audi Research Paper Essay Audi Research Paper Essay Investor Relations Corporate strategy Vision: â€Å"Audi – the premium brand† In adopting its Strategy 2020, the Audi Group has focused its core brand Audi on the challenges of the future. The strategy took on firmer contours during 2011 as the full potential of the mission â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† was explored in greater depth. It now gives more weight to new issues that have emerged as a result of heightened environmental awareness, growing uncertainty about the future availability of fossil fuels and increasing urbanization. The Audi brand’s strategy 2020 Mission: â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† The Audi brand’s products are compelling examples of the brand values sportiness, progressiveness and sophistication. In addition to building technologically advanced vehicles, the brand with the four rings aims to evoke customer delight in many other ways. The mission statement â€Å"We delight customers worldwide† therefore plays a key role on the path to becoming the leading premium brand. The Audi brand has defined its understanding of customer delight in greater detail in the following four areas of action: * We define innovation We create experiences * We live responsibility * We shape Audi We define innovation The declared ambition of the Audi brand to offer its customers high-quality, innovative vehicles is expressed in the brand essence â€Å"Vorsprung durch Technik. † This is accompanied by a clear design idiom that gives the brand’s progressive character a visual grounding. The models of the Audi brand feature a wide range of technological innovations. The Company has defined various key technologies that will occupy a special role in the development of new vehicles. For example, all activities involving electric mobility will be grouped together under the umbrella brand Audi e-tron. Audi ultra embodies the lightweight-construction technology that the Audi brand has been pioneering ever since launching the  Audi Space Frame  (ASF) in 1994. The brand has since intensified its activities in this field with a view to making vehicles ever lighter. Today, the Company focuses on the use of intelligent combinations of materials, which include aluminum, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), modern steel alloys and magnesium. Then there is Audi connect, the umbrella brand launched by the Company to bracket together trendsetting navigation and infotainment functions, as well as technologies that connect drivers with the Internet, the car and their surroundings. In addition to product-based innovations, the Audi brand is working on new mobility concepts. Since 2011, for example, customers’ mobility behavior in electrically powered cars has been the subject of a study that is part of the A1 e-tron fleet trial in Munich. We create experiences To delight its customers time and time again, the Company aims to create special, positive experiences that customers will associate with the Audi brand. These include modern sales concepts such as the showroom configurator, which makes it quick and easy for visitors to an Audi dealership to create the Audi vehicle of their choice on large screens, with life-like, three-dimensional images. In 2011, the Audi brand came up with a very special way of presenting its new Q3 premium SUV: the â€Å"Audi Q3 Cube. In selected downtown districts of major cities, including Barcelona, Paris and Munich, customers and interested parties were given the opportunity to discover the Q3’s qualities in a mirror-filled cube up to 14 meters high. Another way of experiencing the Audi brand emotionally is to collect a new car in person from the Audi Forums in Ingolstadt and Neckarsulm. Audi’s premium vehicle handover facilities demonstrate to the customer just how much care and precision go i nto building Audi vehicles. The program is rounded out by a look at the history of the Company and culinary delights. To make the experience even more special, customers can tailor the handover to their own individual preferences. Accompanied by a customer relationship manager throughout the entire day, they are given a personal tour of the factory, making the occasion a truly memorable one. We live responsibility The Audi brand also expresses customer delight through a form of corporate responsibility that seeks to strike an appropriate balance between social or ecological requirements and economic success. In order to maintain the high regard in which the brand and the Company are held and increase their lead over the competition, Audi has created a department specifically to address this task. Hand in hand with all the divisions, the Corporate Responsibility department pursues the strategic goal of value orientation. It advocates responsible action and behavior as the basis for sustainable success. The core management tasks of Corporate Responsibility also include defining strategic guidelines and decision-making criteria. These guidelines are derived from the Strategy 2020 goals and are intended to highlight the link between social responsibility, preserving resources and long-term economic activity. As a global company with nearly 64,000 employees, the Audi Group is very much in the public eye. Its capacity to supply information and reports on corporate responsibility matters is therefore being further expanded. We shape Audi The Audi brand will continue steadily with its model initiative and expand its development, manufacturing and corporate structures accordingly. In order to maintain its profitable growth, the Audi Group will focus even more closely on flexible, efficient processes, as well as strengthening its global presence and expertise. Product and investment decisions will continue to be made on the basis of how far they produce customer benefit. Successfully accomplishing qualitative growth hinges on the employees, who demonstrate immense expertise and passion for the products of the Audi brand. Superior financial strength In keeping with a value-oriented corporate management approach, growth only meets the premium standards of the Audi Group if it is simultaneously profitable. Qualitative growth is therefore a priority strategic corporate goal. This is achieved through effective and efficient structures and processes, systematic investment management and the ongoing optimization of costs. A high level of self-financing helps to preserve the Company’s ability to invest and act. It therefore fundamentally aims to finance investment from self-generated cash flow. Continuous growth The Audi brand achieved a new deliveries record in 2011 in selling a total of more than 1. 3 million vehicles. This positive development is primarily attributable to the attractive, diverse product range, which was again continuously revitalized and broadened in the period under review. In addition to the successor generation to the popular A6 full-size car line, product events included the arrival of the new Q3 premium SUV and the market introduction of the Q5 hybrid quattro. The Audi brand’s product range will continue to be progressively expanded. The Audi Group has set itself the goal of increasing deliveries of the Audi brand to 1. 5 million vehicles by 2015. The international sales structures will be expanded to handle the scheduled growth. The dealer network in China, for instance, is to be increased from currently around 230 dealerships to over 400 by the year 2013. And there are plans to expand the exclusive sales network in the United States, too, over the coming years. The Audi Group is also increasing its production capacity worldwide. Global image leader For a premium manufacturer, a strong brand is the basis for enduring success. The Audi Group therefore plans to establish an emotional bond between its customers and the brand and to keep steadily improving its image position through the attractive product range. The numerous national and international awards received in the 2011 fiscal year again reflect the public’s huge enthusiasm for the Audi brand. Attractive employer worldwide As part of its strategy to become the leading premium brand, the Audi Group regards well-qualified, committed employees as a priceless asset. Particularly as it becomes internationally more diverse, the Audi Group considers it vitally important to be viewed as an attractive employer worldwide. Against this backdrop, the Audi Group offers its workforce a stimulating working environment with attractive opportunities for development, commensurate pay and high job security. Regular internal surveys reveal a high level of employee satisfaction. In addition, external surveys have attested to the Audi Group’s high attractiveness as an employer both in Germany and internationally. * Print page * Bookmark page

Arguments of Cause and Effect Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Arguments of Cause and Effect - Assignment Example When an argument of such magnitude is coming from an individual that has worked in NASA and who made the predictions that are happening today in terms of climate changes years before it happened, it tends to reinforce the prior ideas and theories on global warming making it much more compelling than other arguments (Hansen, 2012). According to Hansen, it is the increase in the greenhouse gases being emitted in the planet that increases the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. This CO2 in turns blankets the earth creating an imbalance of heat and hence increasing the heat levels in the earth. It is as a result of the increased heat that rains have increased as well as glaciers started to melt. These arguments have been made purely from arguments of facts as the information is drawn from the research Hansen carried out with his team of the greenhouse gas emission and on the effects of these to the climate of the earth. Balog similar to Hansen is arguing that people are not taking the issue of global warming seriously. It is high time the matter is explained not only in plain language but using photography to bring the point home of the high rate at which glaciers are melting and the effect on the environment. The argument is presented in a series of photographs taken in different locations all over the world but presenting the same results in all of them. This method is effective as it is vivid and it helps show the real picture of what the earth is undergoing (Balog, 2009). This argument by Balog using photography reinforces the earlier arguments made through pure talk by other scientists and climate activists. With the information being illustrated and in different places all over the world as well, it becomes compelling and drives home the point about global warming and its effects to us. According to the speaker, the emission of CO2 in the atmospheres increases the temperature on earth which in turn starts melting the glaciers.

Answers to Essay Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answers to Essay Questions - Assignment Example Although economic prosperity was the main motivation behind the move to the West, Native Americans actually suffered deeply during the process due to the struggle with the settlers. After the Civil War, Native Americans confronted a growing wave of settlers, who represented various social classes, including prospectors, ranchers, and farm families (Lincoln, 1997). One of the main problems at that time was that the newcomers brought with them many new diseases that ravaged the tribes. In addition, settlers damaged the Native American economy in many ways, such as by killing off the buffalo, which was one of the main economic resources of Native Americans. Consequently, Native Americans decided to defend their lands and their ways of life against the oncoming settlers. They were engaged in fierce battles during the 1860s and 1870s (Lincoln, 1997). However, lack of resources and spread of diseases led to sharp decreases of the population and power of the tribes. Hence, new settlers succ eeded in stabilizing their existence in Western territories, mainly in Oklahoma, Wyoming, and the Dakotas, challenging the traditional Native American way of life. In this context, it has to be stated that railroads played a major role in the development of the region during that time. Essentially, building of the railroads spurred western settlement, as in 1862, Congress gave permission to the construction of two main railroads to link the Midwest and the West Coast. Those two main railroads are The Union Pacific Railroad, which extended westward from Nebraska; and the Central Pacific Railroad, which went eastward from the Pacific Ocean (Lincoln, 1997). These two railroads met at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869, signifying a new era in Western history. Indeed, the expansion of railroads was strongly encouraged by Federal and state governments. This sincere belief in the extreme economic importance of railroads pushed Congress to authorize the building of the transcontinental railr oad in 1862, although this authorization let them agree to loan hundreds of millions of dollars to the two corporations to construct it. In addition, Congress agreed also to give the railroad companies millions of acres of Western land, which the railroads sold to repay their loans. In that sense, many historians argue that such major railroad companies, with the federal support they got, were the actual colonizers of the West (Lincoln, 1997). To visualize the role of railroads in encouraging migration to the West, it is important to refer to the fact that railroads provided free trips to the West and offered long-term loans to settlers. Hence, it can be concluded that railroads played significant roles in the process of settlers’ migration to the West after the civil war. American foreign policy prior to World War I led it to acquire overseas territory, build the Panama Canal, and police Latin America. How did these events come about? What justifications did Americans use fo r these actions? Were these actions justifiable? Prior to World War I, the United States pursued an aggressive policy of expansionism, acquiring overseas territories and extending its political and economic influence around the globe. Historically, the United States

Alzheimers Case Study in Social Work

Alzheimers Case Study in Social Work According to Maurer Smith (2005), organizational policies and practices are influenced a lot by the national rules, legislation and service standards. There are many rules, legislations and services like care standard act, care quality commission, commission for social care inspection, race relation act, age relation act, gender discrimination act which aims to ensure the best quality care for the people with all age groups. From the scenario, we have seen that Mr. Frazer is suffering from Alzheimer disease and he needs both long term and short term care as he is passing his days with lots of difficulty. Hamm (2007) has stated that, people with Alzheimer disease need more likely long term cares. The UK legislations have set up lots of policies and standards so that organizations can give the best the possible care to their clients. Among them, the care standard act 2000 describes that, all the care homes or residential homes must fulfill some specific requirements which are necessary to take care of their patients or clients. For example, it describes a category of people who are not suitable to work with vulnerable adults. In addition, it reforms a regulatory system for the care service organizations such as care homes, childrens homes, nursing homes, domiciliary agencies, voluntary adoption agencies, fostering agencies. While providing service to a patient like Mr. Frazer, they have to maintain the legislations. So, a service provider will must check whether they have employees with sufficient knowledge on Alzheimer disease before involving him/her to give him care. For example, wh ether she/he has got knowledge for the reason of this disease, medication, clinical trials, first aids, communication method, special needs etc. Thus legislation and national service standards influence organizational policies and practices for achieving best possible outcomes for people like Mr. Frazer. Factors that may affect the achievement of best possible outcomes for Mr. Frazer According to Gauthier (2000), there are many factors that can affect the achievement of best outcome of people with Alzheimer disease as they usually need both long term and short term care. Some of the factors are given below: Problems in communication: Communication problem creates severe problems while providing care as sometimes they can not understand both written and spoken language because of the damage of corresponding nerve. In addition, patients may speak native language where care giver does not speak the same. In this case, misunderstanding may occur that leads to negative outcome for both groups. Sometimes they may not understand proper language, sign language, body language or meaning of normal picture. In these cases, doctors or care workers may fail to realize their needs and may not the best care. Aggression: Aggressiveness is common often among the Alzheimer patients. So, they may feel irritated if they are asked to describe about their present health condition. In the same time, care givers or doctors will not know patients needs if he/she does not tell them. If they are requested to explain more than once, they become aggressive other than helping them by giving answer. Culture, attitude and beliefs: Health care providers may fail to realize the cultural needs of patients. People from different culture have different cultural norms, beliefs, attitude and expectation. So, lack of cultural knowledge and about their belief can obstacle in the way of achieving best compliance. (Treatment and lack of adherence to medication for TB among Hispanic immigrants is one example) Education and income: Sometimes, patient may think that, they are being asked for unnecessary information by taking the chance of their lower education and income. Also, they might need to pay them for any particular type of treatment though they are reluctant. This can create barrier to achieve the best outcome as well. National rules and legislations: According to McHale Gallagher (2003), a mature patient has the right to refuse treatment. Sometimes, they can say that the information which asked for will strike on their confidentiality or respect. So, information may not be available though that is essential for their safeguarding. In these cases, doctors or social workers may take decision against their wishes which will not let them to achieve best outcome. Communication between care workers and individuals contribute to the delivery of outcomes According to Rabins et al (2006), usually people with Alzheimer disease face difficulty while communicating with someone. They may not realize even the simple words. In some cases, their understanding can be fully reverse from the speakers and they may react violently. So, we must be very careful while presenting something to them. A few ways are given below for effective communication to achieve the best outcome. Awareness while speaking: Cayton et al (2008) have stated that, the care givers must be aware of their body language and voice of tone while talking with them. They must communicate very politely otherwise patients may feel threatened, undermined or confused which can rise the feeling of isolation, agitation and undermine the trust. Mentioning name: Cayton et al has noted that, care givers must introduce themselves clearly before starting conversation with a patient. If patients condition is critical then we may tell them our address as well to make the better feelings of the patients. Care giver or doctors should speak quickly, loudly or distinctly by no way. Questioning: Obviously care providers or doctors need to ask questions to know patients condition but they must not use long sentences to ask them any question as they need longer time than others to understand the meaning even sentence is not big enough. In addition, they should not be asked more than one question at a time. Also, they should be asked question that require answer only yes or no (Sadowski Wisniewsk, 2004). Thus any individual can ensure the best outcome for the patients like Mr. Frazer. Question 2 2.1 Factors that may have contributed to loss of independence, non-participation and social exclusion for Ellen According to Arber Evandrou (1993), there are many factors which can contribute to loss of independence, non-participation and social exclusion and these can be being dependent to someone including care workers, not given time to make choice for them, constraint, changing something related to them without taking their permission, not giving chance to participate in decision-making. Dependency: Most of the cases, vulnerable adults like Mrs. Ellen loss their independency and social exclusion because of being dependant to someone such as care workers. Sometimes the patients may not be permitted to carry their day to day activities because of lack of ability or risk. Service users physical and mental conditions may be considered strictly. They may not be given permission to choose how they will spend their times, how they spend their money, where will they spend their leisure time, what will be their regular diet etc. because of lack of skills. As a result, they will loss their minimum capacity to lead a life of their own. So, they may be reluctant to participate in social events as it may be insulting for them that they are dependant. Keeping away from decision making: From the scenario, we have seen that Mrs. Ellen was given chance to make her own decision. But, usually service users in the care homes or nursing homes may not be given this opportunity because they may cause a problem. This can cause frustration and they become more dependant. Constraint: this is one of the major ways for what service users become dependants. It can cause threat as they may be forced to think as other people think. Mrs. Ellen was not forced to do anything while staying in the care home. She was encouraged to perform her all day to day activity and as a result she become a role model in that care home. Basically, adults should be assisted to carry their day to day activity but not doing the total thing for themselves. They may think about their inability but they should be encouraged to work by themselves assessing the risks. Otherwise, they will be dependant, frustrated and will lose their taste of life. 2.2 Processes and support mechanisms to maximize independence and choice for individuals like Ellen Sussex Scourfield (2004) describe that empowerment of social, physical, emotional needs, intellectual factors, access to information, maintaining confidentiality, participation in decision-making and choice can maximize the independence and choice for individuals. These are given below: Promoting rights of them. For example, letting them to maintain their confidentiality, safety and security Allowing them to take risks. But risk must be assessed. If that can cause severe problem, they might be encouraged restrain from certain things. Allowing them to communicate and make relationships with anyone that they want. Allowing them to individualised care, involving responsibilities etc. Everyone has responsibility not to infringe on the rights of other people. Individuals must be given chance to take their own decision and make choices for them. Individuals will get full access to gather information. They must be given right to carry out their religion and cultural activities. Providing a range of options from which they can make choices Encouraging them to solve problems in the future on their own successfully. 2.3 Organisational systems to promote participation and independence for individuals According to Sussex Scourfield (2004), empowering individuals potentiality, ensuring performance of workers, proper guidelines and inspirations to work by own initiatives, staff training, getting feedback, inspection and opinion sources of information for each and every individuals can be a few examples to promote participation and independence for individuals by organizational systems. These are described below: Empowering individuals: Heumann et al (2001) state that, each and every employee of any organization may be promoted to participation and independence by empowering their sleeping potentiality. According to him, the development of service delivery and service quality may be increased significantly by the empowerment of employees. To implement this, proper guidelines to let them work by themselves will be necessary. Thereafter, they can be told the benefits so that they can realize the necessity of the empowerment. Ensuring performance of individuals: Huber (2006) has shown that, organizational participation can be developed by ensuring performance of individuals. The organizational management will make sure that all the employees are up-to-date with changes so that they can perform in a better way. When they will find out their good performance, they will intend to take part extra organizational activities and feel free to work independently. Sources of information: Employees from all the organizations should have free access to information so that they can solve their basic problems by themselves. In addition, they will know the pros and cons of the organization. As a result, they will think themselves as an individual and important part of the organization which results them to participate and involve throughout the organizations. (Anderson Aydin, eds., 2005) 2.4 Tensions that arise when balancing the rights of the individual to independence and choice against the care providers duty to protect According to Thompson et al (2006), there are many factors which cause dilemma while providing care to the vulnerable adults e.g. Safety vs. independence, safety vs. rights and responsibilities of individuals etc. For example, if patients with dementia or frail people want to go somewhere by themselves, then care providers are in trouble. People with dementia may loss their way and find it difficult to retrieve it. In addition, they can cause harm to others and themselves by their aggressive behavior. Frail people may fall down easily and cause serious harm to them. So, the relatives or even the person himself/herself may complain against the care providers when they are in trouble. Considering these factors, care providers are reluctant to let them do anything which can harm their clients. In the same time, each and every individual has right to live independently but it can cause conflict between relative vs. client, client vs. employee, employee vs. relative, children vs. parent, parent of children vs. service providers and staff vs. staff. Thus, tensions can arise while balancing the rights and choice against the care providers duty. Overall, care providers will first consider and ensure their clients safety and then independence. Question 3 3.1 Identifying and explaining risk of abuse or harm from the case study through the case study. From the given scenario, we have seen that Mr. Simon was abusing eight elderly clients in his care which affected his clients very badly. His clients might have to face (opuronio) loss for that abuse. Now the risk of abuse and the way they could be harmed are given below: It has been said in the scenario that one of the lady who is aged 78 years old was poured cold water and stocking over her head. Researchers have shown that cold water during shower helps to get good health for the normal aged people where it harms elderly people. According to Thygerson (2007), it can increase the risk of heart attack. Putting stocking over the head can choke the lady and lead to death. It can cause paralysis as well. Mr. Simon also harassed sexually one of the elderly ladies who are 92. It is really matter of shame and strong sexual abuse against that lady. That lady must feel very ashamed that can lead her to suicide. Also, she can be injured seriously physically as body structure becomes very sensitive at those ages. Obviously it is illegal and humanistic to force anyone to do anything though sometimes that can be good for the person. Anyone can be requested to do anything but is up to the person to accept any help or service or whatever. A 96 year elderly client was forced to eat her food though she was reluctant. Also, Mr. Simon poured sherry into one of his clients throat who was 81. that could cause her choke. As a result, she might die. It could also cause her vomit which can lead to loss of appetite. She was being physically abused during her care. Without this, as many of his clients were suffering from senile dementia and psychological problem, they might not remember what happened to them during their care and might think whatever has been done as a part of their treatment! This is a clear indication of physical and mental abuse. Physical abuse was acute for the clients who were wheelchair bound because they could not either protect him or take themselves in safe position quickly. In addition, their privacy, self esteem, dignity, choice, respect, safety have been neglected instead of giving them appropriate care. 3.2 Options to protect individual from abuse whilst balancing legislation requirements and guidance with the tensions involved According to Pritchard ed. (2008), there are some legislations and guidance to protect and safeguard of the vulnerable adults in the UK. Among them human rights act 1998, Disability discrimination act 2003, Protection of Vulnerable Adult (POVA), Care standard act 2008 are the most effective acts to ensure the safety of vulnerable adults and protect them from any kinds of harm. The scenario has shown that some of the clients were being abused mentally and physically during their care though they were staying in a nursing home. Basically, abuse can happen because of lack of proper implementation of national legislations. According to the legislations, vulnerable adults may be suggested to stay in their own home or care homes or nursing homes or hospitals in accordance with their health condition. But risks must be assessed before taking any decision. In addition, clients have the right to choose any types of service they need for. They can also refuse all the services as well if they w ant unless they are mentally handicapped. Thus individuals can be protected from abuse at the same time as balancing legislation requirements and guidance. 3.3 The effectiveness of policies, procedures and managerial approach for promoting management of risks for a known setting According to Torrisi Hansen-Turton (2005) and Kemshall Pritchard (1997), every organization should have some organizational policies, procedures and managerial approach of their own to run their business effectively and to gain their goals easily along with national policy, procedures and laws. For example, a nursing home should have some legislations regarding acceptable and unacceptable risk, protection from unacceptable risk, assessing and recording risk, participation in creating abuse-free environment, complaints procedures, leadership style, whistle blowing policy along with national service standards. Among them assessing risk, leadership style and complain procedures are significant to promote management risks. A nursing home must have adequate equipment to deal with patients. In addition, early identification of possible abuse, screening of people who are going to start work, reporting to people with proper procedure, getting feedback and opinion from clients, keeping as e ye and proper monitoring system of the clients finance, psychological and physical issues can also promote management of risk. 3.4 Justify recommendations for improving management approaches to managing risks of abuse in the setting of the case study Parsloe (1999) and Messer Jones (1999) have shown that, the management can play an important role to manage the risks of abuse. Some important recommendations are given below to manage risk: A care worker may be monitored or supervised by an authorized person while providing care. Screening of people will help to obtain an employees mentality about his/her job role. Getting regular feedback from client will disclose the quality of service that they are getting. So, staff will try to give their best to achieve reputation which will minimize risk. Having necessary equipments cut the danger of life respectively. For example, a service user may need to be transferred for emergency. In this case, having ambulance facility is a plus point to cut risk and abuse of treatment. Stealing, creating psychological or physiological harms are the cases that happen in care homes, nursing homes or in hospitals. So, monitoring of employees will help to manage risk of abuse as well. Question 4 4.1 The legislation, guidance, codes of practice and policy that apply to the handling of medication According to Association for Real ChangeÂÂ  (ARC) et al (2006), there are some particular laws, legislations, guidance and policies to handle medication as well as its ordering and maintaining, administration, storage, recording, and disposal. These are Drug act 2005, PoisonsÂÂ  and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 No 31, PoisonsÂÂ  and Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2008, Public Health (General) Regulation 2002, Medicines act 1968, Drug misuse act 1986 etc. These laws and legislations have described the management and supervision systems for the administration, storage, disposal and recording of medication. According to a new law, a registered nurse (grade 1, minimum) must handle the administration of medication to ensure the standard of care in the care homes. In addition, it provides safeguards for the administration of medication along with personal care attendants and in the hostels. Medicines act 1968 has provided a legal framework within which doctors, surgeons, pharmacists, suppliers and nurses are able to administer medications. According to this act, there are some medicines which are restricted to sale, supply and administration. A drug handler must have to have license to prescribe or dispose any medicine. They also have to renew every licence granted under this Act, unless previously renewed or revoked or will expire at the end of the period of five years from the date on which it was granted or the date as from which it was last renewed. Drug act 2005 and misuse of drug act 1986 have provided very strong law to handle and protect the misuse of drugs. According to this act, a supplier of drug has to prove that, it has a valid intention to provide drugs. Court can assume against a supplier for abusing drug if they can find out less amount of drug than prescribed. In addition, an issue can be raised if the accused may not have had the drug in possession with the intent. Thus these legislations, guidance and policies help to safe handling of medicine. 4.2 National service standards to promote safe practice in the handling of medication According to Crouch et al (2008), todays medicines are powerful compounds to control disease, ease discomfort and prolong life for millions of people and are generally beneficial. But nothing in the world gives us only blessings. Almost all the medicines have got side effect to human body. This is why, national standards, legislation, national enquiries e.g. the Shipman Enquiry, ethical issues, service user choice, acceptable risk etc. have been introduced to minimize the risks and promote safe practice of medication. Another author named Railton (2007) has stated that, all the clinicians, doctors, nurses, care workers, pharmacists have to meet national minimum standard while handling the medicine. For example, a practitioner must have to have a valid license for practicing or prescribing medicine. According to McGee ed. (2009), some of the key principles to promote safe practice are given below: Clients of social care services have freedom to choose concerning their provider of pharmaceutical care and services including dispensed medicines. Care staffs have to be aware of medicines that each client has and a complete account of medicines will be recorded by the social care service. Care staffs help people with their medicines have to be well-trained and competent. Medicines must be given correctly and safely, and care staffs have to preserve the privacy and dignity of the individual while giving them medicine. Medicines should be available when the patient/client needs them and the service provider will make sure safe disposal of unwanted drugs. Medication orders must be timed; dated, signed and handwritten orders must be readable. Only approved hospital abbreviations will be used. Medicines must be stored safely. The social care service will have an access to advice from the pharmacists. Medicines have to be used to cure, prevent disease and to relieve symptoms. Medicines can not be used to punish or control behavior. 4.3 Evaluating the effectiveness of policies and procedures for administering medication to achieve best possible outcomes for service users Thomas et al (2003) has shown that the policies and procedures help to achieve the best possible outcome for administrative medication and care homes are one of the examples of it. He shows that, care homes reduce the risks of medication by following the policies and procedures. As a part of medication administration policy, now they keep all the records of medication to avoid future risk. Sometimes they check or review the side effects of any drugs in the internet and discuss with any third party if necessary. According to Thomas et al (2003) and Boon et al (2006), effectiveness of policies and procedures are given below: Each and every written order for medication must state the names of medication clearly which have been ordered. They also mention the dose, the time of any medication is to be administered, route for administration, the reason of the prescribed medication. In addition, any specific time of medication or the first dose is to be considered for administration. So, there will be a rare chance to cause any mistake will lead a good outcome for the patients. Because of the changes in policy nurses are no longer allowed to gather information or obtain the medication from the night locker unless a pharmacy is available to dispense the medication. So, misuse of drugs will fall down. In addition, only hospital approved abbreviations are being used in prescriptions so that clinicians and medical professionals can understand those without any difficulty. It saves time and care service is becoming fast. Violence and silent punishment by the medication in the care homes have been stopped as medicin es are not allowed to punish or control behavior. Harrison (2006) has shown that about 7000 deaths are occurred every year. But now the number has been decreased significantly after the full implementation of medication administrating throughout the care homes, children homes, nursing homes and hospitals. It also ensures the safe practice of care by providing a guideline to the responsible persons by giving idea about right dosage, right medication, right time, right patient, and right route. Thus medical administration helps to achieve the best outcome for the service users.